Physique
Modélisation thermique 3D du comportement du bain de fusion lors du soudage TIG -source de chaleur mobile-
Dans ce travail nous nous intéressons à la modélisation thermique à la simulation numérique du comportement du bain de fusion lors du soudage TIG (Tungstène Inert Gaz) des tôles d’acier inoxydable 304L.Nous décrivons un modèle mathématique de transfert du flux thermique créé par l'arc électrique du procédé sans métal d’apport. Ce modèle tient compte de l’effet du changement de phase et néglige dans une première approche les effets convectifs dus au mouvement du métal liquide dans le bain. Ce dernier est supposé ayant une surface libre plane. Une simulation numérique en 3D du soudage avec une source de chaleur mobile de forme Gaussien est menée par la méthode des éléments finis. Notre modèle est implanté dans le code du calcul Comsol®4.2.Les résultats obtenus concernent les champs thermiques à différents instants décrivant la progression de la température et la fonction d’interface liquide/solide (fraction liquide). Les résultats obtenus sont en bonne adéquation avec la littérature. Voir les détails
Mots clés : soudage TIG, modélisation thermique, bain de fusion
Dépôt de couches minces de SiO2 et SiNx sur un substrat de silicium
Ces dernières années une large attention se dirige vers la production des couches antireflet diélectriques à base de silicium à savoir SiO2, SiNx et SiOxNy. Ces couches sont parfaitement adaptées sur les cellules au silicium, entrainant une nette amélioration des performances. Dans notre travail nous avons élaboré la couche SiO2 par la technique sol gel, la couche SiNx par PECVD et la couche SiOxNy par l’oxydation thermique sèche dans un four tubulaire BLF de la couche SiNx déposée sur le silicium multicristallin avec l’oxygène (O2) de l’atmosphère pendant 2h sans utilisation des gaz de réchauffements. Afin de décrire l’évolution morphologique, propriétés optiques, géométriques et chimiques de ces couches, nous avons employé et exploité plusieurs techniques expérimentales à savoir la florescence X, le MEB, FTIR et le spectrophotomètre UV VIS PIR. Le spectre de réflexion typique de film SiOxNy élaboré sur le substrat de silicium multi cristallin nous a permet de voir l’allure de la réflexion avec notamment un minimum autour de 3,54% à 532nm Voir les détails
Mots clés : couches antireflet, SiO2, SiNx, SiOxNy
Structural, electronic properties of compounds AlAs, BAs and AlP, BP
We determine the structural, electronic properties of AlAs, BAs and AlP BP alloys using the full potential-linearized augmented plane wave method (FP-LAPW) within the density functional theory (DFT). The exchange-correlation potential is treated by the generalized gradient approximation (WC-GGA). The investigation on the effect of composition on lattice constant, bulk modulus and band gap shows not linear dependence on the composition. The ground state properties such as lattice constant, bulk modulus, pressure derivative of the bulk modulus are in good agreement with numerous experimental and theoretical data. For the electronic properties, we used the mBJ-LDA approximation. The bowing of the fundamental gap versus composition predicted on the composition is in a good agreement with experiment. Voir les détails
Mots clés : FP-LAPW, DFT, Ternary alloys, bands structure, bowing gap and thermodynamic propertie
Etude thermohydraulique du comportement du bain de fusion au cours du soudage TIG
Dans ce travail nous nous intéressons à la modélisation du comportement thermohydraulique du bain de fusion lors du soudage TIG sans métal d’apport. Pour cela, nous développons un modèle mathématique décrivant le transfert thermique couplé avec l’écoulement du fluide fondu au sein du bain fondu.Une simulation numérique (2D axisymétrique) de soudage TIG d’une tôle en acier inoxydable 304L est donc menée, en utilisant le code du calcul Comsol®4.2 basé sur la méthode des éléments finis. Les résultats montrent un bon accord avec la littérature. Voir les détails
Mots clés : Modélisation thermohydraulique, soudage TIG, Comsol®, bain de fusion
Optimization of Optical Gain in Inx Ga1-xSb/GaSb unstrained quantum well structures for detection
In this paper we study the effects of In concentration, temperature, quantum well width and carrier density on optical gain for GaSb/In1-xGaxSb/GaSb untrained quantum well structures. This system was chosen as it is useful in infrared emission, finally, we introduce the optimum structure of quantum well to obtain the maximum optical gain, at room temperature and infrared emission particularly 2.3 (µm), for the use this structure in application of spectroscopic analysis of the gases specially CH4. Voir les détails
Mots clés : Quantum well, In1-xGaxSb, optical gain, laser, Detection
Reconstruction of Pulsed Ultrasonic Fields Received by a hydrophone of rectangular aperture by application of inverse methods.
In order to carry out reliable measurements of pulsed ultrasonic fields, the use of a piezoelectric hydrophone as receiver is recommended. However, due the finite size of the receiver aperture the measured acoustic pressure is affected by spatial averaging. The output signal may also be distorted because of the frequency variations of its transfer function. The aim of this work is to deconvolve the spatio-temporal effects of the receiving chain (hydrophone, cable, oscilloscope...) in order to reconstruct the pulsed ultrasonic field with higher spatial and temporal resolution. This constitutes an inverse problem, which has been encountered in various domains of physics. The possibility of deconvolving the spatial effects has been shown for harmonic ultrasonic fields. The present contribution is a generalization of the study to pulsed ultrasonic fields. For that, three methods allowing the inversion of the aperture effect are tested 1) Wiener’s method 2), the power spectral equalization method (PSE), and 3) the maximum a posteriori method (MAP). The obtained results show that the three methods are able to reconstruct the ultrasonic field from the spatially averaged values and the quality of the reconstruction depends strongly upon the SNR, the hydrophone dimensions and the axial distance to the source. Voir les détails
Mots clés : pulsed ultrasonic fields, Wiener’s method, the power spectral equalization method (PSE), the maximum a posteriori method (MAP).
EXPLOITATION DU PHENOMENE D’ATTENUATION, DANS LE CAS D’ONDES ULTRASONORES GUIDEES, EN PRESENCE D’UN LIQUIDE
Our work consists to study the propagation of guided waves in an isotropic solid plate, put in contact with a liquid.. To study the sensitivity of the guide when it is in the presence of a liquid, we plotted the dispersion curves of phase and group velocity, of transverse and longitudinal displacement, and the attenuation according to the product frequency-thickness. The attentive study of these curves let us to locate two particulars points, P1 and P2 on the dispersion curves for the S0 and A0 modes respectively. When the guided wave is excited under the point P1, it undergoes a maximum attenuation, and when the wave is excited under the point P2, it undergoes a less attenuation. A range of experiments was carried out to justify the theoretical forecasts. The results obtained are very satisfactory and show clearly, the sensitivity of the wave for well defined products frequency-thickness. Voir les détails
Mots clés : Lamb waves; generation; attenuation; dispersion curves
A LIQUID LEVEL SENSOR USING THE A0 LAMB WAVE MODE
The object of this work consists to study the feasibility of a liquid level sensor using the A0 Lamb wave mode. This sensor is made of a vertically one meter and thirty plate of stainless steel in which one, an A0 Lamb wave mode is generated. To perfect the sensor, we have to choose the good material, the thickness of the plate and the vibration mode of the wave. To do that, we have plot the phase and group velocity curves, the transversal and longitudinal displacements versus the product frequency x thickness. The curves interpretation enables to visualize the best target point for the excitation energy on a suitable guided wave mode at a suitable frequency; this point is called the operating point. When the chosen mode is generated, the echo from the reflexion at the guide-water interface is easily detected by the transmitter-receiver transducer and can be worked efficiently. Voir les détails
Mots clés : : Lamb waves modes; Guided waves; sensor; level
Study of the spray to globular transition in gas metal arc welding: a spectroscopic investigation
The gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process is strongly influenced by the composition of the shielding gas. In particular, addition of CO2 increases the threshold current for the transition from unstable globular to more stable spray transfer mode. We report on the diagnostics—using optical emission spectroscopy—of a GMAW plasma in pure argon and in mixtures of argon, CO2 and N2 while operated in spray and globular transfer modes. The spatially resolved plasma parameters are obtained by applying the Abel transformation to laterally integrated emission data. The Stark widths of some iron lines are used to determine both electron density and temperature, and line intensities yield relative contents of neutral and ionized iron to argon.Our experimental results indicate a temperature drop on the arc axis in the case of spray arc transfer. This drop reduces with addition of N2 and disappears in globular transfer mode when CO2 is added. Despite the temperature increase, the electron density decreases with CO2 concentration. The highest concentration of iron is observed in the plasma column upper part (close to the anode) and for GMAW with CO2.Our results are compared with recently published works where the effect of non-homogeneous metal vapour concentration has been taken into account. Voir les détails
Mots clés : GMAW, Optical Emission Spectroscopy, Boltzmann Plot
Theoretical model and experimental investigation of current density boundary condition for welding arc study
This paper presents results of theoretical and experimental investigation of the welding arc in Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) and Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) processes. A theoretical model consisting in simultaneous resolution of the set of conservation equations for mass, momentum, energy and current, Ohm’s law and Maxwell equation is used to predict temperatures and current density distribution in argon welding arcs. A current density profile had to be assumed over the surface of the cathode as a boundary condition in order to make the theoretical calculations possible. In stationary GTAW process, this assumption leads to fair agreement with experimental results reported in literature with maximum arc temperatures of ∼21 000 K. In contrast to the GTAW process, in GMAW process, the electrode is consumable and non-thermionic, and a realistic boundary condition of the current density is lacking. For establishing this crucial boundary condition which is the current density in the anode melting electrode, an original method is setup to enable the current density to be determined experimentally. High-speed camera (3000 images/s) is used to get geometrical dimensions of the welding wire used as anode. The total area of the melting anode covered by the arc plasma being determined, the current density at the anode surface can be calculated. For a 330 A arc, the current density at the melting anode surface is found to be of 5 × 107 Am−2 for a 1.2 mm diameter welding electrode. Voir les détails
Mots clés : Gas Tungsten Arc Welding, GTAW, Gas Metal Arc Welding, GMAW, spectroscopie