Métallurgie
Infiltration behavior of Cu and Ti fillers into Ti2AlC/Ti3AlC2 compositesduring tungsten inert gas (TIG)brazing
Herein we study the infiltration behavior of Ti and Cu fillers into a Ti2AlC/Ti3AlC2MAX phase composites using aTIG-brazing process. The microstructures of the interfaces were investigated by scanning electron microscopyand energy dispersive spectrometry. When Ti2AlC/Ti3AlC2 comes into contact with molten Ti, it starts decomposinginto TiCx, a Ti-richandTi3AlC; when in contact with molten Cu, the resulting phases are Ti2Al(Cu)C, Cu(Al), AlCu2Ti and TiC. In the presence of Cu at approximately 1630 °C, a defective Ti2Al(Cu)C phase was formedhaving a P63/mmc structure. Ti3AlC2 MAX phase was completely decomposed in presence of Cu or Ti fillermaterials.The decomposition of Ti2AlC to Ti3AlC2 was observed in the heat-affected zone of the composite.Notably, no cracks were observed during TIG-brazing of Ti2AlC/Ti3AlC2 composite with Ti or Cu filler materials. Voir les détails
Mots clés : MAX phase, Joining, microstructure, hardness, Brazing, TIG process
Effect of Welding Process on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Duplex Stainless Steel Welds
The purpose of this study is a comparison between the effect of two electrical arc welding processes, on the structural and mechanical behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel weldments, the first one is the manual process GTAW and the second one is the automatic process SAW. This effect has been identified and examined in the different welding area namely, the base metal BM, the heat affected zone HAZ and the weld metal WM, using optical metallographic techniques and mechanical methods by hardness tests. Voir les détails
Mots clés : duplex stainless steel, welding, microstructure, mechanical properties
APPROXIMATE MODEL FOR PREDICTING STATIC RECRYSTALLIZATION OF FERRITIC STAINLESS STEEL TYPE 430
An approximate model for predicting static recrystallisation of ferritic stainless steel type 430, in hot rolling is proposed. In this model, the effect of variables such as strain, strain rate, temperature and initial grain size were considered during hot rolling operations. A set of integrated mathematical models for predicting static recrystallisation evolution during hot rolling has been developed through laboratory research work experiments. It consists of many sub-models such as percentage of recovery, recrystallisation kinetics, time for 50 percent of recrystallisation, recrystallised grain size and grain growth. Some of the most important theoretic basic approaches to describe the kinetics of primary recrystallisation were first independently developed and comprehensive portrayed by Johnson and Mehl, Avrami as by Kolmogorov (Often named the JMAK-theory).The quantitative determination of the effects of these variables obtained, analysed and compared in the context of the recrystallisation kinetics of this material.The predicted results are in good agreement with measured of laboratory tests. The results of constitutive models based on semi empirical equations will be compared in the next publication to more sophisticated models based on cellular automata, vertex and Monte-Carlo-Potts methods. Voir les détails
Mots clés : ferritic stainless steel, hot rolling, Static recrystallisation, Mathematical model.
Comportement structural et mécanique dessoudures en aciers inoxydables austénitique etduplex réalisées par le procédé TIG
L’objet de cette étude étant de connaître lesdifférentes variations structurales et mécaniques après un cyclethermique de soudage de deux aciers inoxydables de hauteperformance (austénitique AISI 316L et duplex AISI 2205), quisont très utilisés dans tous les secteurs, particulièrementl’industrie pétrolière. On a utilisé le procédé TIG, c’est unprocédé à arc électrique, caractérisé par son apport thermiqueintense et précis aisément automatisé, l’état microstructurale desassemblages soudés a été analysées par des observationsmétallographique optique de différentes zones à savoir : la zonefondue ZF, la zone affectée thermiquement ZAT et le métal debase MB. Finalement les changements microstructurales ont étéargumentés par une filiation de micro-dureté. Voir les détails
Mots clés : Acier inoxydable austénitique, duplex, soudage TIG, micro-dureté et contrôle
Elaboration par pulvérisation cathodique magnétron de couches minces en vue de leur utilisation comme biomatériaux. Caractérisation à l’usure et à la corrosion.
Depuis les deux dernières décennies les prothèses orthopédiques (de genoux, de hanches..) fabriquées en alliages métalliques (alliage de titane, CoCrMo, aciers inoxydables…) sont recouvertes d’un dépôt de céramique (nitrures, oxydes…) ou en HAP (hydroxyapatite) dans le but d’accroître la bio réactivité de leur surface mais aussi leur résistance à l’usure et à la corrosion. Cependant le système interaction matière vivante/biomatériaux reste peu étudié et donc méconnu notamment le problème des infections toujours présentes. C’est précisément dans cette optique que se fera ce travail de doctorat. On se propose donc de développer de nouveaux matériaux ternaires ou quaternaires à base de Me (avec Me= métal tel Ti, Zr, Ag…) par pulvérisation magnétron sur divers substrats pour améliorer leur résistance à l’usure et à la corrosion, tribo-corrosion. Ces matériaux seront élaborés sous forme de couches minces par un dépôts physiques en phase vapeur. L’un des objectifs de ces travaux de recherche sera de vérifier s’il existe une relation entre les propriétés mécaniques et structurales des matériaux obtenus et leur comportement biologique. Voir les détails
Mots clés : biomatériaux, tribologie, corrosion
DSC analysis of commercial Cu-Cr-Zr alloy processed by equal channel angular pressing
Samples of a commercial Cu-1Cr-0.1Zr (mass fraction, %) alloy were subjected to equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) up to 16 passes at room temperature following route Bc. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to highlight theprecipitation sequence and to calculate the stored energy, recrystallization temperature and activation energy after each ECAP pass.On another hand, electrical properties were correlated with the dislocation density. Results show that the stored energy increasesupon increasing ECAP pass numbers, while the recrystallization temperature decreases significantly. Voir les détails
Mots clés : equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), Cu-Cr-Zr alloy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), electrical conductivity, stored energy
Etude expérimentale et modélisation des cinétiques de transformation de phase dans un alliage de titane
The aim of this thesis is to experimentally study and to model the kinetics of α + β → β → αII phase transformations in Ti-6Al-4V alloy for isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. To this purpose, several technics have been performed (DSC, SEM, optical microscopy, in-situ electrical resistivity and XRD). The KM-JMA equation has been used to describe the kinetics of phase transformations during isothermal holdings. An approach based on the additivity rule has been developed to adapt the KM-JMA equation to non-isothermal phase transformations and is compared to the one using the fictitious time. Kinetics parameters (n, k and Q) have been determined using this approach and discussed based on the microstructural analysis. Mechanisms of the α + β → β → α phase transformations have been discussed by considering the microstructural analysis and the kinetics parameters already determined. Finally, the βm → αII phase transformation kinetics in isothermal conditions has been simulated with the MatCalc software and modelled using both the nucleation – growth theory and the KM-JMA equation. Voir les détails
Mots clés : Ti-6Al-4V, KM-JMA, additivity, nucleation – growth
Characterization and Microstructural of HotRolling Mill Scale
In the IMETAL-El Hadjar complex, during the steel manufacturing process, a significant amount of scale is produced on the surface of slabs and billets of hot-rolled steel. In the various rolling mills, the quantity of scale produced is estimated to be about 0.1% of the annual production of the steel complex. The quality of the thin steel sheet during the rolling process is affected by the behavior of the iron oxide layers formed on their surfaces (scale).This amount of scale which is a fatal by-product of the forging and rolling processes can be reused in certain areas and applied by appropriate recycling techniques such as agglomeration of iron ores in the blast furnace as a raw material. This aspect of recycling is taken into consideration.The objective of this study is to identify the microstructural properties of the scale, using different analytical methods such as X-ray diffraction and scanning microscopy.Several samples were used for characterization of the locally produced scale.The analyzes of the results given by SEM showed that hematite and magnetite, the main phases present in the scale, are stacked in thin layers of a magnitude of the order of a micron meter. These phases of iron oxides are confirmed by the analysis of the spectra given by the X-ray diffractometer.The presence of silicon in the scale is due to the covering powder used on the wall layers of the ladles. Voir les détails
Mots clés : mill scale, Oxidation, hot rolling, Microstructural properties, SEM, X-ray
Characterization and Microstructural of Hot Rolling Mill Scale
In the IMETAL-El Hadjar complex, during the steel manufacturing process, a significant amount of scale is produced onthe surface of slabs and billets of hot-rolled steel. In the various rolling mills, the quantity of scale produced is estimated to be about0.1% of the annual production of the steel complex. The quality of the thin steel sheet during the rolling process is affected by thebehavior of the iron oxide layers formed on their surfaces (scale).This amount of scale which is a fatal by-product of the forging and rolling processes can be reused in certain areas and applied byappropriate recycling techniques such as agglomeration of iron ores in the blast furnace as a raw material. This aspect of recycling istaken into consideration.The objective of this study is to identify the microstructural properties of the scale, using different analytical methods such as X-raydiffraction and scanning microscopy.Several samples were used for characterization of the locally produced scale.The analyzes of the results given by SEM showed that hematite and magnetite, the main phases present in the scale, are stacked inthin layers of a magnitude of the order of a micron meter. These phases of iron oxides are confirmed by the analysis of the spectragiven by the X-ray diffractometer.The presence of silicon in the scale is due to the covering powder used on the wall layers of the ladles. Voir les détails
Mots clés : mill scale, Oxidation, hot rolling, Microstructural properties, SEM, X-ray.
Résistance à la corrosion des joints soudés par le procédéTIG, d’un assemblage hétérogène 304L /A9étamé, dansNaCl 32g/l.
The heterogeneous welding of extra-soft steel A9 and a rustproof austenitic steel AISI304Lhas been achieved by the TIG process (autogeneous welding).Soldering have been made in the goal to substitute the mechanical assembly (clinch, bolting)in certain applications. In the other hand, to value the resistance to the corrosion of jointswelded to certain types of corrosion galvanic coupling for example.Three profiles have been achieved; the two welded separately the extra-soft steel A9 andrustproof austenitic steel AISI304L then together steels.A comparison of corrosion parameters (speed of corrosion, potential and current of corrosion)of the three profiles shows that the heterogeneous joint is good resistant in a saline solutionaired without agitation to 32g/l NaCl that homogeneous assembly A9. Voir les détails
Mots clés : heterogeneous welding, TIG, galvanic corrosion, rustproof steel.