Métallurgie
ETUDE DES PROPRIETES MECANIQUES DES VERRESOXYGENES ET OXYHALOGENES
The rapid development of photonics technology requires increasingly efficient materials,suitable for photonic devices such as amplifiers and materials for high power lasers. Theoptical amplification based on the principle of the laser effect can be obtained in crystalline orglassy matrix through radiative emission of rare earth ions.The glasses are among the interesting matrices for transparency in a wide optical region andtheir ability to receive large amounts of rare earth ions. For this purpose, a new family ofglasses stable oxide and halide in the ternary systems Sb2O3-PbCl2-As2O3 and Sb2O3-PbCl2-AgCl has been developed. Several characterizations were made on two ternary systems. Allproperties changes almost linearly with the variation of the composition. The results obtainedare similar to those of other work. It appears that the structure of these glasses is more openwhere the low values of mechanical properties. Because of these glasses good candidates innonlinear optics. Differential scanning calorimetry has shown that certain compositions do notexhibit crystallization peaks where their high thermal stability.In this work, we also find the study of the devitrification of glasses in the ternary systemoxyhalogenated Sb2O3-PbCl2-AgCl has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry.A single exothermic peak of recrystallization is observed beyond the glass transitiontemperature, which allows the application of relations Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov-Johnson.The use of non-isothermal procedures for determining the values of the Avrami exponent nand activation energy E.The mechanism of crystal decay is discussed in relation to the observations in scanningelectron microscopy Voir les détails
Mots clés : transparency, ternary systems, glasses, Differential scanning calorimetry, Thermal stability
Contribution à la modélisation du processus de refroidissement secondaire d’acier coulée en continue
Dans l’industrie sidérurgique, la coulée continue est le procédé qui se situe entre l’élaboration d’acier et le laminage. Ce procédé a pris, depuis 30 ans, une place de plus en plus importante dans la filière de production en raison des avantages par rapport à la technique traditionnelle de coulée en lingots ; économie d’énergie et de main d’œuvre, meilleur rendement et amélioration de la qualité du produit, ainsi l’amélioration du rendement métallique de la coulée et la possibilité de couler des produits de plus faible section, directement adaptés aux laminoirs finisseurs. La coulée continue permet de transformer le métal liquide en métal solide en des formes simples, et de façon continue. Un des soucis majeurs dans l’industrie de l’acier est l’amélioration de la qualité finale du produit. Certes, le produit final présente parfois des défauts, qui sont difficiles à détecter pendant la fabrication ; la plupart du temps, ils ne sont détectés que dans les phases finales de fabrication. L’objectif de ce travail consiste à fournir un modèle numérique du refroidissement secondaire permettant de prédire l’évolution du débit de refroidissement secondaire en fonction de la vitesse de coulée dans chaque zone des nuances de l’acier. Voir les détails
Mots clés : Modélisation thermomécanique, coulée continue, refroidissement secondaire, acier, Défaut.
ETUDE ÉLECTROCHIMIQUE COMPARATIVE D’UN ALLIAGE (TiNi) ÉLABORÉ, AVEC UN IMPLANT DENTAIRE EN MILIEU SIMULÉ
Good mechanical compatibility with cellular tissue and corrosion resistance, as well as excellent biocompatibility in body fluids, are required for titanium-based alloys to be materials of choice for biomedical applications such as orthopedic implants and dental. The present thesis aims to obtain TiNi binary alloys developed by vacuum induction, as a possible alternative for dental applications. The TiNi alloys developed as part of this thesis work contain Ni contents ranging from 40 to 60%. The choice of this composition was made, first to check the influence of the Ni content on the formation of the structure and the morphology of the phases and secondly the repercussions of this structure on the final properties of the alloy to know; the mechanical properties, tribological and electrochemical and bioactivity. TA6V4 alloy is used for comparison.For this purpose, the chemical composition of the TiNi alloys and the microstructural evolution was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to the EDS. The formation and growth of the phases was followed by X-ray diffraction. Instrumented hardness measurements were made to assess the hardness and Young's modulus of the alloys. The coefficient of friction of the TiNi alloys and the wear rate were determined by dry sliding at different loads. The electrochemical characterization in Hank's solution and artificial saliva has been studied by stationary techniques and by EIS at different immersion times. The tribocorrosion behavior was performed in artificial saliva to understand the tribocorrosion mechanisms of TiNi and TA6V4 alloys. The bioactivity tests were performed in the SBF solution after 21 days of immersion. The SEM / EDS and RX results show that the two alloys Ti50Ni50 and Ti40Ni60 have a TiNi type matrix (NiTi), and Ti2Ni and Ni2Ti type precipitated phases. The revealed microstructure for the Ti60Ni40 alloy is a Ti2Ni-based matrix comprising the NiTi intermetallic. This same alloy had the lowest Young's modulus, while the Ti40Ni60 alloy had superior superelasticity, than the other titanium alloys (Ti50Ni50, Ti60Ni40 and TA6V4).All TiNi alloys exhibit better tribological behavior compared to the TA6V4 alloy which results in high wear resistance and low wear. Abrasive and adhesive wear mechanisms have been identified as degradation mechanisms for TiNi and TA6V4 alloys, with the predominant adhesive mechanism for TiNi alloys. The Nyquist and Bode impedance diagrams for all TiNi and TA6V4 alloys show capacitive loops with two time constants, indicating that the passive film is formed of two layers namely, a compact passive internal barrier layer and a porous outer layer. The electrochemical study revealed that all alloys have a passive character. The corrosion resistance of the TA6V4 alloy is greater than that exhibited by the various TiNi alloys. TiNi alloys showed hydroxyapatite formation under in vitro bioactivity conditions of SBF. Voir les détails
Mots clés : Titanium alloys, Young module, superelasticity, wear behavior, corrosion resistance, impedance, bioactivity.
Simulation and Modeling of Uncertainties in the Calibration of a Fluorescence Chemical Spectrometer (FRX)
Sensitivity analysis and uncertainty estimation are of major importance for the declaration of conformity of finished products. Models must be sought to analyze the test data. The main objective of this work is to establish reliable models to analyze our experimental data and validate them. So we have studied and used the Monte Carlo and Bootstrap simulation methods, we have been able to realize programs that calculate the uncertainty according to the ISO 8466 standard on X-ray fluorescence spectrometer samples from the URASM CRTI chemical analysis laboratory. Programs and interfaces are made with Matlab (GUI). Voir les détails
Mots clés : Simulation; uncertainties; Monte carlo; Bootstrap; calibration
Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of γ and δ Phases in Duplex Stainless Steel Weldments by the X-Ray Diffraction Technique
This paper is focused on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of austenitic-ferritic stainless steel welds by the X-ray diffraction technique. The first weldment realized by gas tungsten arc welding process GTAW with ER2209 electrode, the second weldment by shielded metal arc welding process SMAW with E2209-15 electrode. The results show that the presence of two phases, austenite γ and ferrite δ without any precipitation of secondary phases either in the base metal BM or in the two welded zones. Moreover, there is an increase in the ferrite content and the existence of non-uniform compressive stress in the GTAW weld zone. Voir les détails
Mots clés : welding, X-ray diffraction technique, duplex stainless steel, ferrite and austenite
Contribution to the improvement of the quality of continuous casting steels at Sider El-Hadjar-Annaba
Continuous casting is the process between steel making and rolling. It consists of turning liquid steel into slabs, blooms, or billets. The molten steel comes into contact with the mold, it will solidify and the first phases of the steel will form. This study confirms the need to check the steel quality and the continuous casting parameters such as; casting speed, extraction rate, oscillation of the mold and lubrication during primary cooling. The main objective is to build a thermal model that is an important task for predicting temperature profiles on different sides and edges of the product, in order to optimize the crust of steel. Voir les détails
Mots clés : continuous casting - steel - mold - primary cooling – slab.
Effect of root pass filler metal on microstructure and mechanicalproperties in the multi-pass welding of duplex stainless steels
This paper is focused on the estimation of the effect of root pass chemical composition, in multi-pass GTA Weldments, onmicrostructure and mechanical properties of duplex stainless steel welds.We used two different fillermetals, the super duplex ER2594 and duplex ER 2209. Microstructures of different passes of welded joints are investigated using optical microscope andscanning electron microscope. The relationship between mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and microstructure ofwelded joints is evaluated. It is found that the tensile and toughness properties of the first weldment, employing the combinationof ER 2594 in the root pass and ER 2209 in the remaining, are better than that of the second weldment employing ER 2209 allpasses, due to the root pass grains refinement and its alloy elements content as chromium Cr and nitrogen N. The microstructureindicates the presence of austenite in different forms on the weld zone of ER 2209, same in the case of ER 2594, but with highercontent and finer grains size, in particularWidmanstätten austeniteWA. Potentiodynamic polarization tests of the first weld metalevaluated in 3.5% NaCl solution at room temperature have been demonstrated a corrosion resistance higher than that of thesecond weld metal. This work addressed the improvement of the corrosion resistance using appropriate filler metal withoutgetting any structural heterogeneity and detrimental changes in the mechanical properties. Voir les détails
Mots clés : Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), duplex stainless steel, Root pass, Filler metal, Microstructure and mechanical properties
BEHAVIOURS OF DEFORMATION AND RECRYSTALLIZATION OF 3% SILICON STEEL USING WEDGE-SHAPE SPECIMEN
Hot deformation and static recrystallization behaviours of a low carbon 3% Silicon steel, which is ferritic structure at high temperatures, has been investigated using wedge-shape specimen with a single-pass hot rolling experiments. The hot-rolling tests were carried out at temperature of 900?C to 9mm thickness followed by holding at the same temperature (900oC). The volume fraction recrystallized increased with the increase in rolling reduction and holding time after rolling, although a plateau was observed in the relationship between the volume fraction recrystallized and the effective strain. The preferential area for the recrystallization was the previous grain boundaries, particularly triple points of boundaries where the strain was concentrated. An inhomogeneity of recrystallization in the transverse sections through the thickness of the deformed wedges was observed. It was concluded that in this fine grain size material of 3% Silicon steel, the knowledge of deformation and recrystallization behaviors needs better control of strain and temperature under wedge-shape material. Voir les détails
Mots clés : 3% Silicon steel, wedge-shape specimen, hot rolling, deformation variables, dynamic recovery, static recovery, static recrystallization.
CONTRIBUTION TO CHARACTERIZATION OF NATURAL DIATOMITE
With the complex examination of raw material from a Sig deposit in Algeria in the region of Mascara area, physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of diatomite have been defined. It has been found that it is a dominantly amorphous material, sedimentary rock of the type silica-diatomite. The raw material consists of approximately 60% SiO2. Of the physical properties, more significant is porosity, which is higher than 60%. The raw material has a wide spectrum of possibilities for practical application: intensive absorbent for several types of liquids and chemical properties of the soil, natural insecticide, and filter water etc. For determination of the chemical contents, properties and origin of the raw material the following methods have been used, such as, chemical analysis, XRD analysis, optical microscopy and thermal analysis. Voir les détails
Mots clés : diatomite, X-ray, XRD, Sig.
Risk of Contamination of the Littoral lands by the mill scale in Annaba City-Algeria
A significant amount of scale is produced during casting of ingots and processing of hot-rolled products. In the El Hadjar steel complex, during the various rolling operations, the amount of scale produced is approximately 0.1% of the annual production of the rolling mills. The quality of the thin sheet during rolling is affected by the behavior of the iron oxide layers formed on their surfaces. For this reason, acids and oils are used for the descaling of slabs and billets by means of pressurized water. The calamine, contaminated by these various acids and used oils, is rejected and stored involuntarily on important areas and pollutes soil and groundwater. Micrographic observations as well as x-ray diffraction analysis have shown that calamine consists mainly of iron oxides. Hematite and magnetite become the main components for oxidation times greater than 1 hour. Characterization tests have shown that calamine is dense (ρ = 4.8 g/cm3), its particle size is variable depending on the degree of oxidation (from 0.5 to 10 mm). Simultaneous thermal analysis showed that an increase in mass of the calamine sample with a release of heat. Studies are underway for the physico-chemical characterization of the soils of the storage areas. Voir les détails
Mots clés : Scale, Risks, soil, thermal analysis, granulometry, X-ray diffraction