Métallurgie
Effect of solution treatment on the microstructure, micromechanical properties, and kinetic parameters of the β → α phase transformation during continuous cooling of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy
The aim of this study is to examine the effect of solution treatment temperature (STT) on the microstructure, the micromechanical properties, and the kinetic parameters of the β → α phase transformation during continuous cooling of the dual phase titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. Increasing the STT from 1050 °C to 1200 °C delays the formation of the α phase during cooling and increases the value of its activation energy. The microstructural analysis reveals the emergence of αW platelets from protuberances on the αGB / αW interface. The investigation of the morphology of the αW platelets reveals the presence of ledges on their longest side showing a sharp extremity. The micromechanical properties determined by nanoindentation and microhardness tests are almost insensitive to the cooling rate but are strongly affected by the STT; the higher the STT, the lower the overall microhardness of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. In addition, the STT affects the microhardness and the Young’s modulus of both α and β phases differently; when the STT increases, the microhardness and the Young’s modulus of the α phase decrease whereas those of the β phase increase. Voir les détails
Mots clés : Ti-6Al-4V, solution treatment, ledge mechanism, interface instability, Nanoindentation, partitioning
Effet de la cinétique de précipitation sur la résistance à la corrosion de l’acier inoxydable duplex 2205 et de l’alliage d’aluminium 2000
This thesis is subdivided into two main parts. First, the influence of the microstructure of the AA2214-T6 aluminum alloy on the morphologies and electrochemical properties of anodic alumina oxide films was investigated. (AAO) formed, and then to see if the heat treatment T4 brought to the AA2214 alloy brought improvements in term of the morphologies of (AAO) and in term of resistance to the corrosion of the anodic alumina oxide films .Secondly, we orientate this work to correlate the pitting potential (Epit) evolution with the kinetics of σ phase precipitation in the 2205 duplex stainless steel aged at 850°C after solution treatment at 1150°C. The potentiodynamic polarization curves indicate a reduction of the pitting corrosion resistance with the aging time, which is revealed by a decrease in the Epit values from 0.65 to 0.40 VSCE. Thus, Epit values are used to determine the kinetics parameters of the σ phase precipitation. The experimental transformed fraction agrees well with the one calculated by using the modified Kolmogorov–Johnson–Mehl–Avrami equation with an impingement parameter c = 0.6. Voir les détails
Mots clés : Kinetics, KJMA, Pitting corrosion, Potentiodynamic polarization, sigma phase precipitation, Aluminum alloy, (AAO) anodic alumina oxide, porous structure, T4, EIS
Arc Voltage Signals-Based Flicker Effect Analysis Using SampEn Multi-scale Entropy Algorithm
Real-time monitoring in the steel and metallurgical production sector is of great importance. To ensurecompetitiveness, the industrial process will have to innovate and evolve towards better quality. Therefore, the monitoring of the voltage signal in Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) has a vital role in keeping a nominal operation of electrical components in order to achieve high performance. A new monitoring method based on multi-scale Sample Entropy (SampEn) (MSE) algorithm for EAF voltage flicker is proposed. In the proposed method, different percentages of flicker effect analysis are presented. The current voltage characteristic of the EAF in conjunction with MSE and comparison of observed values with those predicted from a Cassie and Mayr model built using nominally healthy data are analysed. In order to achieve the classification procedure, five extracted features are used to adapt the subtractive clustering network for each state of the flicker effect and the performance of the classifier during the training is given with success. Voir les détails
Mots clés : Electric Arc Furnace (EAF), Power quality, Voltage flicker, Voltage unbalance, SampEn Multi-scale entropy algorithm, subtractive clustering
Elaboration et caractérisation des couches minces de TiO2dopées à l’erbium, à différentes températures et épaisseurs
This study is to develop and characterize thin films of titanium oxide (TiO2) dopedwith different erbium content (5, 7 and 10% by volume) and processed in a temperature range400-500 ° C. obtained by the sol-gel. These thin films are deposited on glass substrates andporous silicon. We have demonstrated the influence of the thickness, the rate of dopant andannealing temperature on optical properties, structural and thermal properties of thin films andxerogels. For this, various investigative techniques were used: DSC, XRD, Ramanspectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (MEB), atomic force microscopy (AFM) andUV-visible spectroscopy.The results obtained by DSC show that the doping of TiO2 with erbium produces afirst shift conversion of TiO2 to the low temperatures of 338 ° C to 260 ° C. So doping witherbium leads to an early acceleration of the crystallization of titanium oxide compared to theundoped state. For cons, the same addition of 5%, 7% and 10% of Er 3 + also causes a shift ofthe second transformation to the high temperatures of 357 ° C to 383 ° C. So it causes a delayof crystallization, but the formation of other phases.The DRX of thin films show the one hand, the addition of 5%, 7% and 10% of Er in thematrix of TiO2 causes in addition to the training phase of anatase and brookite, the presenceof other phases: Rutile, Er2Ti2O7, Er2TiO5, Er2O3 and secondly, the Raman spectrumconfirms these results.The SEM micrographs show that the thin layer is homogeneous and free fromcracking. They reveal a nanostructuring of thin layer which consists of nano grains consistentwith the sizes. While the AFM images show that they are composed of many nanocrystalswith high density on the substrate. The size of these nano-grains, the end appears on thesurface of the deposit increases with the doping with erbium. They also reveal that the nanograins are spontaneously organized in a certain order.The transmission spectra of thin films of titanium oxide doped indicate that they aretransparent in the visible and opaque in the UV. The calculation of the refractive index andporosity of thin films of erbium-doped TiO2, from the transmittance spectra, shows afluctuation of the latter depending on the annealing temperature, thickness and grade erbium.While the optical gap increases. Voir les détails
Mots clés : TiO2, Thin films, Er3+, sol-gel, anatase, Brookite, rutile, Er2Ti2O7, Er2TiO5, Er2O3
Effets des éléments (vanadium et niobium) sur la structure et le comportement à la corrosion de l’acier inoxydable austénitique de type AISI309
Les aciers inoxydables austénitiques sont utilisés dans des environnements agressifs couvrant de larges domaines tels que le secteur alimentaire, chimique et nucléaire. Par ailleurs, ils doivent présenter des propriétés d’emploi adéquates et une durée de vie optimale. Ainsi, plusieurs méthodes sont employées afin d’améliorer ces propriétés à savoir l’addition des éléments chimiques, le traitement thermique et le traitement de surface. Cette étude porte sur l'influence de l'addition du vanadium et du niobium sur la variation de la microstructure, l’évolution des propriétés mécaniques et le comportement électrochimique d’un acier inoxydable austénitique de type AISI309. Un traitement de mise en solution a été appliqué sur l’acier inoxydable de base et l’acier inoxydable allié au vanadium et au niobium à une température de 1100°C pendant trois heures suivi d’un refroidissement rapide à l’eau. Ce traitement a été suivi d’un revenu à différentes températures suivi d'un refroidissement à l’air. La caractérisation microstructurale a été effectuée par microscopie optique, MEB, EDS, DRX, DSC. Afin, d’évaluer la résistance à l’usure des matériaux étudiés, une caractérisation mécanique des échantillons étudiés a été réalisée au moyen des mesures de dureté et des essais d’usure par frottement. De plus, pour examiner le comportement à la corrosion, des tests potentiodynamiques et des mesures d’impédances électrochimiques (EIS) ont été réalisés dans deux milieux HCl et H2SO4. L'inhibition à la corrosion de l'acier inoxydable austénitique de type AISI309 avec et sans ajout de vanadium et de niobium par 2,2’-Bipyridyl dans H2SO4 a été étudiée en utilisant la polarisation potentiodynamique (Tafel), la polarisation linéaire (LRP) et la spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique (SIE). D’après les résultats expérimentaux il a été constaté la présence d’une précipitation des carbures de niobium et de vanadium de type MC (VC, NbC) au détriment d’une précipitation intergranulaire de carbures riches en chrome, ainsi qu’une amélioration des propriétés mécaniques tels que la résistance à l’usure et la dureté suite à l’ajout des éléments d’alliage (vanadium et du niobium) avec et sans traitements thermiques. Par conséquent, l’addition du vanadium et du niobium a contribué à l’amélioration du comportement à la corrosion dans les milieux envisagés ainsi que l’efficacité inhibitrice de l’acier étudié en présence d’inhibiteur (2,2’-Bipyridyl). Voir les détails
Mots clés : AISI309, Cr23C6, Vanadium, niobium, 2, 2'-bipyridyle, corrosion, microstructure, propriétés mécaniques, comportement électrochimique, dureté, usure par frottement
Contribution à la diminution des criques de rives qui apparaissent dans les bramesd’acier en coulée continue.
En coulée continue, la qualité des produits et la productivité de l'installation sontfortement dépendantes du réglage du refroidissement secondaire adopté.Le problème de recherche concerne l’ACO1 (aciérie à oxygène numéro1) localiséeà Arcelor-Mittal/Annaba. Il concerne les brames présentant des défauts de criques derives.La rupture à chaud, ou crique à chaud est un défaut majeur en solidification, quiconduit au rebut de nombreuses pièces dans différents procédés industriels tels que lasolidification en lingotière, la coulée continue de brames.Les défauts les plus répandus au niveau de la coulée continue (Arcelor-Mittal -Annaba) sont les criques de rives : Elles sont petites et fines, sur les coins, longueurenviron 50 mm, profondeur 1 à 2 mm. Elles sont à cheval sur la face et sur la rive.L’élaboration d’un modèle thermomécanique permettant de prédire les profils detempérature sur les différentes faces de la brame en fonction de son passage d’unezone de refroidissement à une autre de la machine de coulée continue et notammentsur les bords.Cette étude confirme la nécessité de considérer les défauts de criques de rives vis-àvisde leur présence au niveau des brames lesquelles sont laminées à chaud ; leproduit final étant une bobine qui doit être saine. Voir les détails
Mots clés : coulée continue, acier, brames, criques de rives
Thermal Treatment Effect on Tribological and Corrosion Performances of 13Cr5Ni2Mo Super- Martensitic Stainless Steel
Wear behavior of 13Cr5Ni2Mo supermartensitic stainless steel (SMSS) were investigated in air and in argillaceous paste at room temperature. Prior to wear testing, the samples were subjected to two treatments, namely; quenching followed by double tempering. A pin-on- disc test rig was used to conduct the wear test with a tribo-pair consisting of supermartensitic stainless steel sliding against itself. It was observed that the microstructure of the thermally treated samples mainly consisted of tempered martensite and carbides. Wear results showed that oxidative and abrasive wear dominated the wear process of the treated samples in both dry conditions and in argillaceous paste. Additionally corrosion tests were performed in 5.0% NaCl solution via potentiodynamic polarization tests. It was found that the passive film formation provides a good corrosion resistance to the samples. Voir les détails
Mots clés : Martensitic Stainless Steel, Thermal Treatments, wear, corrosion
Frittage et nitruration liquide des comprimés de l’alliage Fe-Ni-Mo-Al-Ti
One of the disadvantages of sintered materials obtained by solid phase sintering is the open residual porosity which limits the application of certain treatments such as thermochemical treatments in a liquid medium. Therefore, nitriding is not recommended for sintered materials because of risks of infiltration of the saturating liquid medium in the open porosity generating in the long term internal corrosion of the structure.Our study presents the results of the nitriding of sintered Fe-20% Ni-1% Mo-X% Al-Y% Ti alloy tablets (where X and Y vary from 1 to 6 and 1 to 4 respectively). . During sintering, these compositions cause the formation of an aluminum-based liquid phase which favors the partial elimination of the open porosity. Our interest was in the first place, in the study of the influence of aluminum additions on the character of diffusion, as well as on the evolution of porosity and on the formation of the structure of the sinter, and second, on the repercussions of nitriding on this new structure.The results of the micrographic analysis revealed a clear evolution of the character of the porosity, with a tendency to the elimination of open pores. Structurally, sintering has resulted in an array of intermetallics as a result of the interaction of liquid aluminum with other solid particles. The microhardness profiles showed that despite the selective nature of the diffusion of nitrogen and carbon during cyanidation, the saturation was at heart, with the formation of islands of AlN, TiC (C, N) . As for the properties, the appearance of Fe-Al, Ni-Al and Ti-Al intermetallics during sintering gave the material good resistance to hot oxidation. Cyanidation modifies the oxidation behavior of the material and significantly improves its hardness. Voir les détails
Mots clés : composite, Sintering, Porosity, liquid nitriding, Oxidation
Tribological behaviour of a continuous hot dip galvanized steel
The aim of this work is to investigate the tribological behaviour of a continuous hot dip galvanizedsteel. This paper presents a fundamental study of the characteristics of zinc coating in terms ofmorphology, surface roughness and tribological behavior according to process parameters typical ofindustrial processes continuous galvanization. The morphology of the zinc coating was observed byscanning electron microscope (SEM), optical microscopy, and the mechanical properties of thecoating layers were determined by nanoindentation. The tribological tests were carried out on arotating ball-disk tribometer under loads of 1, 2, 3Nwith a sliding distance of 15, 30 and 50 m. Theresults showed a marked increase of the coefficient of friction with increasing applied load. Under thesame conditions, wear slightly increased due to the hardness of intermetallic phases. The resultspresented show that heating promotes the diffusion of iron in the zinc coating giving shape to a binaryalloy Fe–Zn whose characteristics depend on the parameters; moreover, it is proved that thetribological characteristics of the surface of the metal blank in terms of coefficient of friction dependon the temperature of the contact pressure. Voir les détails
Mots clés : galvanized steel, wear, roughness, Nanoindentation, intermetallic phases
Tribological and Eelectrochemical Characterization of a Titanium Alloy in a Physiological Solution.
Titanium alloys are used primarily for biomedical and / or dental applications. They are characterized by a better mechanical compatibility with the tissues and a good biocompatibility in the body fluids. The alloy TA6V4 used in orthodontics is subject to degradation by wear and corrosion. In this context, we are primarily interested in the study of the dry friction wear of the TA6V4 / Al2O3 torque by means of a rotating Ball / Disc tribometer. In order to evaluate the biocompatibility of this alloy, an electrochemical study in a physiological solution was carried out using conventional electrochemical measurement methods (time-dependent monitoring of the corrosion potential, potentiodynamic curve) as well as Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results of tribology, the friction of the torque TA6V4 / Al2O3 against each other, revealed a friction coefficient of 0.2 and a wear volume of the order of 22.579.10-12 mm3/N.mm. The wear mechanism studied by scanning electron microscopy revealed abrasive and adhesive degradation. From the electrochemical point of view, the TA6V4 alloy in Hank's solution exhibited good corrosion resistance with a polarization resistance of 44 540 Ω. Analysis by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated that this alloy is passive in nature, following the formation of a surface-stable two-phase oxide layer composed of an internal compact layer which has good corrosion resistance And an external porous layer which is favorable to osteointegration. Voir les détails
Mots clés : Alloy TA6V4, Corrosion behavior, friction